Varying deformation was observed at Cordón Caulle, between 1996 and 2008 (Fournier et al., 2010). Between 2008 and 2011, there were 3 episodes of pre-eruptive uplift with a cumulative maximum uplift of 30 cm (Jay et al., 2014).
The 2011-2012 eruption of Puyehue-Cordón Caulle lasted 9 months and was accompanied by coeruptive subsidence of ~1.2 m at Cordillera Nevada caldera and 0.4 m at Puyehue volcano, during the first three eruption days. Subsequent subsidence of ~2 m was observed at the southern part of the graben during the rest of the eruption (Jay et al., 2014).
Following the eruption, between March 2012 and May 2015, the volcano re-inflated by up to 0.8 m with a maximum rate of up to 45 cm/yr (Delgado et al., 2016). Both subsidence and uplift can be modelled by addition or removal of magma in reservoirs at 5-10 km depth (Jay et al 2014, Delgado et al 2016).
Comparison of pre- and post-eruptive digital terrain models suggest that the 2011-2012 eruption was accompanied by the intrusion of a shallow (20-200 m depth) batholith with a volume of 0.8 km³ that locally uplifted the ground surface by up to 200 m  (Castro et al., 2016)