Webinar Series 2024
4th December 2024, 16:00 UK time
Dr Rita Kounoudis, University of Oxford, UK
Variable Thermal and Magmatic Modification of the East African Lithosphere
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Abstract
Continental flood basalt provinces mark Earth’s most voluminous magmatic events. Often associated with mantle plumes, their development is expected to alter the thermo-mechanical structure of the lithospheric mantle significantly. However, since post-large igneous province (LIP) cooling re-defines the base of tectonic plates, the extent of this modification, including its development through time, can only be assessed via theoretical models or from the geological record preserved at ancient LIPs. Here, we present new models of crustal and mantle seismic structure below the Turkana Depression of northern Kenya/southern Ethiopia where, despite presently sitting atop African superplume mantle, the lithosphere remains surprisingly un-perturbed by plume-related heating and magmatism. Evidence for lower crustal intrusions—ubiquitous below the flood-basalt-capped Ethiopian Plateau to the north—is comparatively lacking below the Depression. The mantle lithosphere has also retained its cool, fast wave-speed ‘lid’ character, in stark contrast to the heavily modified Plateau. The contrasting seismic and thermal structure of these neighbouring terranes may in part owe its existence to the African plate’s slow northward motion during the Cenozoic. It is the Ethiopian Plateau that lay atop the initial, hottest pulse of plume material that impinged on the lithosphere during Eocene-Oligocene times. As well as plume-exposure, the Depression’s unique extensional history is also likely to play an important role in plate modification. While pre-thinned lithosphere can, in some cases, enhance magmatism following plume arrival, the Turkana Depression’s earlier (Mesozoic) episode of failed rifting appears to have instead suppressed its potential for further thermo-mechanical modification by rendering the lithosphere dry and refractory.
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